(1) Ua ntej ua cov khoom nyoos. Cov khoom siv ntau heev (quartz xuab zeb, dej qab zib tshauv, limestone, feldspar, thiab lwm yam) tau tsoo rau cov ntaub ntawv ntub dej qhuav. Cov tshuab muaj hlau ua kom tshem tawm kom ntseeg tau iav zoo.
(2) Npaj pob khoom.
(3) Melting. Cov iav pob ua kom sov yog qhov kub ntawm qhov kub (1550-1600 qib) hauv lub taub dej lossis qhov cub kom tsim cov khaub ncaws tsis haum, tsis haus dej ntau hauv cov kua iav uas ua tau raws li qhov tsim ua.
(4) Sib sau. Cov iav ua kua tau muab tso rau hauv pwm txhawm rau ua cov iav khoom ntawm cov duab xav tau, xws li cov paib tiaj tiaj, ntau cov tais diav, thiab lwm yam.
(5) Kev kho cua sov. Los ntawm annealing thiab quenching, kev ntxhov siab, theem sib cais lossis crystallization nyob rau hauv lub khob tuaj yeem tshem tawm lossis tsim tawm, thiab cov xwm txheej tsis zoo ntawm lub iav tuaj yeem hloov tau.
